Telegraph system



Dec 8, 1942. R. B. HEARN TELEGRAPH SYSTEM File@ Feb. 11, 1941 /Nl/ENTOR By ,Qa/EARN A 7' TORNE V Patented Dec. 8, 1942 TELEGRAPH SYSTEM Richard B. Hearn, Hollis,.N. Y., assignor to Bell Telephone Laboratories,

Incorporated, New

York, N. Y., a corporation of New York i Application February 11, 1941, Serial No. 378,355

13 Claims.

This invention relates to communication systems and moreparticularlyto telegraph systems which are affected by various weather conditions.

Telegraph lines generally are affected in two different manners by changes in the weather conditions to which they are subjected. Variations in temperature cause a variation in the resistance in the telegraph line conductors and thus a variation in the circuit resistance. In addition, the leakage lresistance of open Wire lines is affected by rain which causes the insulators and'poles to become wet and thus reduce the leakage yresistance of the system.

Y' These effects are particularly objectionable in full duplex telegraph systems in which telegraph signals are transmitted simultaneously over a single conductor in both directions. In full duplex telegraph systems of this type it is Anecessary to provide an artificial line lat each end to prevent the receiving relay from following or being affected by the signals transmitted from that station. In order to operate the systems at the normal telegraph speed, it is necessary that the balance between the ,mainline and an artificial line be maintained q uite accurately. Consequently, when the constants of the main line change due to variations in the weather conditions it has been necessary in the past to vary the constants of the artificial line. Several attempts have been made to automatically vary the constantsof the artificial line when the constants of the main line changed. It has been `attempted to accomplish this by providing some acteristic of the main line or changes in the difference in the characteristics of the main lineV and artificial line and thenuvarying the constants of the artificial line under control of this means. Such a system is shown in U. S. Patent 2,125,704, granted to Wise, August 2, 1938. Y

In systems of this type it is necessary to provide a large number of different artificial lines and different constants of the apparatus ,and elements for varying the different artificial lines associated with different types and sizes of telegraph lines usually encountered in telegraph transmission circuits.

It is an object of this inventionito provide an improved and universal means for automatically adjusting the constants of telegraph transmission circuits to compensate for changes in the characteristics ofthe line due to Weather changes in which only one adjustment need be made after a system is initially adjusted.

A feature of this invention is directed to a compensating system whichmay-be applied to substantially all of `the different types of open Wire telegraph lines usually employed for transmission of telegraph signaling impulses.

A feature of this inventionrelat'es to means for automatically adjusting 4a resistance in the so-called apex circuit which is common to both the main line and artificial. line. It has been found that it is possible to compensate for changes in the'constants Vof 'the telegraph line due to changing Weather conditions by varying a resistance which is common to both the artificial line circuit and the main line circuit.

Another feature of this invention is directed to meansffor disabling the correcting apparatus under all signaling conditions applied to the system except when a given predetermined signal or` potential condition is applied to each end of the system'. l f

'I he foregoing objects'and features of this invention may befmore readily understood from the following description when read with reference to the attached drawing which shows a typical application of this" invention to a fullv duplex telegraph line.v

Referring now to the drawing, I0 represents a telegraph station comprising a receiving device controlled by' magnet II and a transmitting deviceV controlling' the transmitting contacts I2. Station I0 is connected over lines' I3 and I4 to a repeater point A.V Repeater point A is connected by means of a full duplex line to a second repeater point B. Repeater point Bl is in turn connected over lines 53 and 54 to a second telegraph station 5|J which is provided with a receiving device controlled by magnet 5I and a transmitting device for controlling the transmitting contacts 52.

Line 90 may be any type of electrical conductor for the transmission of telegraph signaling impulses which maybe operated with a ground return. That is, the circuit in which a return path is through ground. Line 90 may include both open wire linesv and cable 'conductors or a combination of both.v It also may include a telegraph channel on any of the various types of composite telegraph and telegraph circuits, including both phantom circuits and simplex circuits.

The signals are transmitted from station I0 by operation of contacts I2 which interrupt the circuit of line I4 in a well-known manner. Relay I5 at repeater point A follows the signals transmitted over 'line I4 Aand repeats them throughl resistance 3|, inductance 30, variable resistance I9, resistance I 'I and upper winding of relay I6 over line 95 which extends to repeater point B. Relay 56 at repeater point B responds to these signals and repeats them to the receiving magnet 5| of the receiving device at station 50.

Signals may be transmitted from station 5B by the operation of transmitting contacts 52. The operation of transmitting contacts 52 transmits signaling impulses over conductor 5'4 tothe repeater station B where relay 55 responds to these signals and in turn repeats them over line 90 to the repeater station A. Relay I6 at repeater station A responds to the signals ltransmitted from station 50 and repeats them over line I3 to the receiving magnet II of the receiving device at station Ill. t n v transmitted from both of these stations `toithe other stations simultaneously without'interference providing the system is in proper adjustment, as is well understood. i

It is to be understood that any suitable type of communication circuit between the telegraph station II) and repeater-point A which is capable of simultaneously transmitting signals in both di.- rections maybe employed.- Also, any suitable type of system which is capable of simultaneously transmitting signals from repeater point B to station 5|lA may also be employed instead of lines 53 and 54 as shown inthe drawing. Furthermore, this line or path may and usually will include some kind of switching apparatus suitable for establishing a connection of the type described herein. This system is intended for use under such circumstances that it occasionally remains spacing at both terminals for'` at least suicient intervals for thernecessary correction to take'place; for example, itcould be used Aas an interoice trunk of the type which remains in spacing condition at both terminals'du'ring idle periods.I A simple two-way circuit has been shown so that the invention may be more readily understood without being complicatedfby "details of more complicated local transmission circuits. 1t is to be further understood that repeater A may be located at station I and repeater B at station 50. Furthermore, relay I may be replaced by any suitable transmitting device and relayV I 6 by any suitable receiving device at repeater station A. Similarly, relay 55 Yat station B may be replaced by any suitable transmitting device and relay 56 by any suitable receiving device. l'

Relay I 6 at station A is provided with an upper or line Winding and a middle or balancing winding. VThe right-hand terminal of the upper winding of relay I 6 is connectedY to line 9D, rightha'nd terminal of'middle winding is connected to an artificial line comprising a network 21Y ofresistancesV and a condenser. The "left-hand winding' terminals of these windings are connected through resistances I'I and' |8'to a common point which4 is inturn connected through the variable resistance I9 and-'inductance 30 and resistance 3| to the transmitting contacts of relay I5. Relays I6 and 25are providedwith biasing windings. The biasing'winding of relay I6 is connected in a circuit extending from ground through the lower winding of relay I6 to battery through resistances 2 8 and 3| and the armature and contacts'of relay I5. The biaising current'for r'elay I6V may be adjusted by means ofl resistances 3| and 28.V "Biasing' current through Vth'e winding of relay 2 5-is'A controlled by resistance 29; When the constants ofV the artiiicialline' 2l are vrelated'to the constants of line in some definite and predetermined manner, relay I6 will not respond to the operation of relay I5 because the net effect of the current flowing in the three windings in response to the operation of relay I5 is not changed in magnitude or direction. However, if the constants of line 99 become altered due to changes in weather conditions then the relationship between the artiicial'line 2'! and 'the' main line 90 will become' disturbedl so that the currents flowing through the upper and middle windings of relay I5 for alternate marking and spacing positions of relay I5 will no longer be compensated for by the current in the lower winding of relay I6 so that the resultant current in relay I6 while the'relay I5 armature is on its right-hand contactis diierent-from the resultant current while relay I5armature Vis on its left-hand contact. Similarly, a difference Will be observed in the resultant current in relay I6 when both ends of the circuit are marking as Acompared with the resultant. current during the transmission of a spacing condition from the distantY end and a markingr condition4 from the "local end. The effectof the variations of these currents may be measured by connecting some sort of measuring device across resistances I'I and '|8, such as the upper winding of relay 2'5 and meter 26. The effects of the variation of the constants of the main line 90 may be readily observed upon a meter 26. Similarly, changes in 'these constants Will change the current flowing through the upper winding of relay 25 to Ycause it to close either its right-hand or left-hand contacts. 'impedance of the paththroughl the'upper winding'of relay 25 and meter 26 is suflciently highl so that this path does not materiallyinterfer with, vdisturb or directly influence the currents nov/'ing through theupper and middle windings of relay The system is shown in the drawing in the marking condition.y That is, marking potentials areapplied by both transmittingfdevices I2 and 52 which maintain all of the relays ofthe system in their marking condition and maintain the receiving devices at the respective stations at rest. Under these conditions' the operation of relay 25 is ineffective to produce any correctionor corn--` pensation for changes in the'characteristics or constants of line 90 because the correcting arrangement is designed to compensate for changes during `the time a spacing condition is applied to both ends of line 90. So long marking condition is applied to line 90 by the transmitting relay 55, relay I6 will remain in the positionl shown.

When relay I6 is in the position shown a circuit is maintained for the operation of relay 23 from negative battery through the right-'hand contact and armature of relay I6 through'the winding of relay 23 to positive battery. The operation of relay Y23 at this time interrupts the vcircuit through the armature of relay 25, thus rendering the operation of this relay ineffective. Simi# larly, so long as relay I5 is maintained in the position shown, negative battery is connected through its left-hand contact and armature to the upper winding terminals of relays 2| Yand 22. Consequently even if relay 23 should release and relay25 operate to one or the other contact, the same potential would be applied to both of the winding terminals of relays *2| and 22, Consequently these relays cannot operate at this time. However, when spacing potential is applied to both ends of the main telegraph line 9|), the

correcting apparatus'at both endsof the line will be conditioned so that it will be capable of compensating for changes in line 90 due to changes in weather conditions. Consider, for example, the apparatus at station A under these conditions. When a spacing potential is applied to line 90 at station B relay |6 will operate to its left-hand position and short-circuit the winding of relay 23. 'I'he release of relay 23 under these conditions is somewhat retarded so that this relay lwill not release duringV spacing impulses of' unit length transmitted over the system but will release during the longer spacing impulses. Also during the transmission of a spacing condition from station A relay I will be operated to its right-hand position where it'connects positive battery to the upper winding terminals of relays 2| and 22, thus conditioning theserelaysv for operation under control of the measuring device or testing relay 25. Relays 2| and 23 are'slow in operating so that they will not respond to spacing impulses of unit length transmitted by relay I5 but will respond to longer spacing impulses.

When spacing potential is applied to both ends of the line and no correction or compensation is needed the armature of relay 25 will remain between its contacts. Consequently, neither relay 2| nor 22 will be operated. However, in case some correction is needed, relay 25 will close one or the other of its contacts and cause either relay 2| or 22 to be operated as the case may be and complete a circuit for the operation of motor 20. Motor 20 will rotate the movable contact of resistance I9 in the direction to make the necessary compensation. Had the other relay been operated, motor 20 would rotate the movable contact of resistance I9 in the opposite direction, thus causing the correction to be made in the opposite direction.

As shown in the drawing, motor 20 is a reversible alternating current motor and is supplied from alternating current source 24. It is to be understood, however, that any suitable type of reversible motor or prime mover may be employed to vary resistance I9.

The manner in which the adjustment of variable resistance I9 effects compensating changes for changes in the characteristics of line 90 due to changes in weather conditions may be illustrated and described if certain specified current values are assumed by way of example. It is to be understood that this invention is in no way limited to the specic current values nor is it limited to any of the specific ratios or other relationships of currents assumed in the various lines and branches of the system.

Assuming that a first set of signaling conditions in which spacing conditions, i. e., positive potentials, are applied to both ends of line 9U by the armature of relay I5, being in its righthand position, and the armature of relay 55 in its left-hand position. With the armatures of these relays in these positions, positive battery is connected to both ends of line Sil. Consequently, no current will flow over line 90 if these sources of potential are all substantially the same value as they usually are in telegraph signaling systems and if there is no line leakage. Under these conditions a current of substantially .O30 ampere will flow through the middle or balancing winding of relay I5 to ground through the balancing netn work 21. The circuit for this current may be traced from positive battery through the righthand contact and armature of relay I5, resistance 3|, noise suppression network 36, variable resistance I9, resistance I8, middle winding of Cil relay I6, to ground'through the artificial line 21. A circuit may also be traced from positive battery through the right-hand contact and armature of relay I5, resistances 3| and 28, to ground through the lower winding of relay I6. Current flowing through the lower winding of relay I6 is approximately 0.15 ampere under the assumed conditions. With relay I5 in its spacing condition, current flowing through the middle balancing winding of relay I6 is in a direction to move the armature of relay I6 to its left-hand position while the current owing through the lower winding is in a direction 'tending to move its armature to the right-hand position.

As a second set of signaling conditions, assume that a marking condition is transmitted from a station I0 and a spacing condition from station 56. When relay `I5 moves to its left-hand position in response to the marking signal and relay 55 remains in its left-hand position, the currents through the middle and lower windings of relay I6 will reverse. The operation of relay I5 to its left-hand position at this time will also cause current to flow over line from negative battery through the left-hand contacts and armature of relay I5, resistance 3|, noise suppression network 30, variable resistance I9, resistance I1, upper winding of relay I6, line 90, upper winding of relay 56, resistance 51, variable resistance 59, noise suppression device 1I), resistance 1I, armature and left-hand contact of relay 55 to positive battery. Under these conditions and with no leakage on line 90, currents through the upper winding and lower winding of relay I6 are adjusted to be substantially equal. The sum of these currents is greater than the current flowing through the middle winding of relay I6 when relay I5 was in its right-hand position. Consequently, there will be a greater potential drop across the resistance 3| at this time so that somewhat less current will flow through the lower winding of relay I6. If the average ofthe two currents flowing through the lower winding of relay I6 when the armature of relay I5 is in its different positions is assumed to be .015 ampere, then the current flowing through the lower winding under the rst condition will be greater by some small increment having a value, say of X, while current flowing through the lower winding will be less than .O15 ampere by this same amount X.' Returning now to the rst condition where there is .030 ampere flowing through the center winding in a spacing direction and .015-I-X amperes flo-wing through the lower winding in Under the second set of conditions current Y through theupper winding and middle winding will be substantially equal and in opposite directions so that they will produce substantially no effect on the armature of relay I6. The current flowing through the lower winding of relay I6 at this time is .015-X amperes. Consequently, the relay I6 is energized by substantially the same net effective current under both conditions.

' Assume now a third condition in which the armature of relay I5 remains in its right-hand position and the armature of relay 55 moves to its right-hand position. Under these circumstances currents through the upper and middle-windings of relay I6 again balance each other producing substantially the same potential drop across resistance 3| as was produced in the second set of assumed conditions. Consequently, the current owing through the lower winding ofrelay I6 will be .G-X amperes. This current will be in a direction tending to movethe armature to'its right-hand position. Consequently, the net effeet of all the currents` on the armature of relay I6 will be substantially thesame in magnitude and thus tend to produce undistorted signals.

As a fourth set of signaling conditions, assume that both relays I5 and 55 are operated to positions shown in the drawing, the current relations will be substantially the same as under the first set of assumed conditions except that currents through the various circuitswill be reversed and thus produce an effect which will cause relay I5 to be operated to the position shown in the drawing. The net elect of the currents flowing through the various windings of relay I5 upon the armature of this relay is always of substantially the same magnitude and in the proper direction so relay I6 will respond equally well to the different signaling conditions transmitted from the distant end independent of the signaling condition being transmitted by relay I5.

The system is adjusted under the rst set of signal conditions, i. e., when spacing potential or positive battery is applied to both ends of line Si) and when no leakage current iiows from the line. The resistance in series with the lower winding of relay 25 is also adjusted at this time so its armature will stand between the contacts, thus indicating that no correction is required. Relay 25 is designed and adjusted so that when no current flows through its windings its armature will stand .between its contacts without touching .or making connection with either of them. Also, when the net effect of currents through the different windings upon the armature of relay 25 is substantially zero the armature of this relay will-stand between the contacts without touching either one of them.

Assume now that the leakage resistance of line 90 is reduced due to wet weather. The reduced leakage resistance will cause appreciable current to flow through the upper winding of relay I6 under the rst set of signaling conditions assumed above. This current will cause an additional potential drop across both resistances 3| and I9 which will tend to decrease the current flowing through the middle and lower windings of relay I6. in the upper winding of relay I5 and the middle winding of relay I6 will change. Relay 25 responds t-o the difference in currents flowing through these windings and will close its lefthand contact. This will complete a circuit under the assumed conditions for the operation of relay 2I. Relay ZI will operate and cause motor to reduce resistance I9. The reduction of resistance I9 will cause the currents flowing in line 90 and the articial line 21 through the upper and middle windings of relay I6 to increase until substantially the same differential is reestablished between them. This increase in current through these windings will cause an increase in `potential drop across resistance 3I which, in turn, causes a reduction in current flowing through the lower winding of relay I6. The current flowing through the lower winding of relay has been so adjusted, as pointed out above, that relay 25 will open the left-hand Contact and release relay 2| when the Adifference in potentials across resistances I and IS is such that the diierence between the currents flowing through the upper and middle windings of relay I6 is reestablished at .030 ampere. Since the current flowing Under these conditions the -current flowing accesos through the lower winding of relay I6 is :reduced by the increased potential drop in resistance 3I it will now be represented by (.015-}X)Y, and the net effect on relay I6 will be .015-X-i-Y. Assume that now the armature of relay I5 moves to its left-hand contact. the upper and middle windings will not be equal but if resistance 3I has been properly set, the net operating effect of the three windings lon relay I6 will be .015-X-l-Y. The net operating effect on relay I6 will be the same magnitude but reversed in direction when both ends of the circuit are marking. y The same current magnitudes will ow throug the windings of relay I5 when relay 55 moves to its marking position and relay I5 remains in its' spacing position. In this case the current owing through the respective windings of relay IB will be in the reverse direction so the armature of relay I6 will move to its marking position.

Thus the net eiect of the currents through the windings of relay I6 is always of the same magnitude, under any given set of line conditions after compensation has been completed, and in such a direction that relay I6 responds to the signals sent by relay 55 independently of the position of or signals sent by relay I5. While the balance is not fully reestablished between the upper and middle windings of relay I6, still the effect of leakage resistance on line is fully compensated for.

Since the compensation is fully made on a single line current condition, i. e., both ends Spacing, without reference to a second line current condition, hunting or overshooting of the correction, often encountered in automatic compensating systems, can be entirely eliminated.

The circuits at station B operate in substantially the same manner as those described at station A and cause compensations to be made in the circuits of relay 56 so that this relay will respond to the signals received from line 90 under all conditions of leakage resistance of line y90 without change of bias due to change of line leakage.

The repeater shown at stations A and B may be applied to a wide variety of telegraph lines, as for example, various types of open wire telegraph lines including simplex and phantom circuits. It may also be connected to telegraph channels of various types of composited telephone and telegraph lines. It may also be applied to communication lines in cables, as well as to the various types of composited telephone and telegraph cable circuits. In orderv to enable the same apparatus to be used in combination with the various types of main telegraph transmitting lines, resistances 3|, 28 and 29 are provided. These resistances are initially adjusted to the required Values for the particular lines to which the repeater is connected. Thereafter these resistances remain xed and no variation is made in them unless and until a repeater is connected to a different line, at which time they may be readjusted as required by the new line. During the operation of the system after it has been initially adjusted, only resistance I9 is varied under control of the measuring relay 25.

It is obvious that it is also possible to arrange the system so that relay 25 will be effective when marking conditions of potentials of substantially the same polarity are connected to each end of the line instead of when both ends of the circuit are in a spacing condition.

The currents through ,resortes i lWhat is claimeiilisL; ,s Y. Y y 1j.A"duplex;signal transmitting system comprising'i a telegraph line, transmitting and, receiving apparatus connected to said line, an articial line' connected to said receiving apparatus,- means Y for measuring the: difference' in currentsflowing through said main linev and said articial line.

during the timea single set of.' signaling conditions is applied to said line andan adjustableresistance connected lin series with both'l said main line and said articial line, and an operative connection between said measuring means and said single adjustable resistance for varying said adjustable resistance in accordance with the difference in currents measured by saidmea'suring means. L

24. 'A' duplex` telegraph" transmitting system comprising .a lsingle transmission path, transmitting apparatus connected to said path, receiving apparatus also connected to said path, an articial line and circuit cooperating with said v-receiving device to permit said transmitting and receiving apparatus to simultaneously and independently transmit to and receive signals `from said path, means responsive to changes in the characteristics of said path, a resistance in series with a path through the transmitting apparatus and the circuit of said main line and also in series with a path through the transmitting apparatus and the circuit of said artiiicial line, and apparatus controlled by the said responsive means for varying said resistance.

3. A telegraph system comprising a rst telegraph station, a second telegraph station, a telegraph line extending between said stations, telegraph transmitting apparatus at each of said stations for applying two different potential conditions to said line, the receiving apparatus at each of said stations also connected to said line, an artificial line and circuit at each of said stations cooperating with the receiving apparatus at the respective stations, means at each of said stations for responding to changes in the electrical constants of said line, a resistance traversed -by current owing from the respective transmitting apparatus and said main line and also traversed by current flowing from the respective transmitting apparatus through one of said artificial line circuits, means at each of said stations responsive to the signaling conditions applied to the ends of said line, and apparatus jointly controlled by said means responsive to changes in the electrical constants of said line and said means responsive to the signaling conditions applied to the ends of said line for varying said resistance.

4. A telegraph system in accordance with claim 3, characterized in this that said signal responsive means includes instrumentalities responsive only during the time the same potential condition is applied to both ends of the line.

5. A telegraph system comprising a telegraph line, telegraph receiving apparatus connected to said line, an articial line circuit connected to said receiving device, means responsive to the difference in currents iiowing in said telegraph line and said artificial line, an impedance common to the circuits of said telegraph line and said articial line, biasing means for said receiving device, and a circuit for said biasing means including at least a portion of said common impedance.

6. A telegraph system comprising a telegraph line, telegraph receiving apparatus connected to said line, an artiiicial line circuit connected to said receiving device, means responsive to the diierence in currents nowing in said telegraph line and -said artiflcialline, an impedance com- Y mon to the circuitsofsaid telegraph line and said artificial line,Y biasing meanspgfor said; receiving device, a circuit for said; biasing means including at least a portion of said common impedance, and means controlled by said responsive means for Avarying vat yleast a portici-1 ofv said common impedance i. a

- 7. In a telegraph System, la telegraph line, a receiving relay comprising a main -line winding, an artical line Wndinaand abias Winding. an artificial line, means for' connecting said main linewinding in circuit relation with said telegraph line,'means for connecting said articial line winding in circuit relation withsaid artificial line winding, v.an impedance common tothe circuits of both of said windings., a bias circuit including, said bias winding and an impedance commonto the vcircuits of all; of said windings.

` Y 8. In a telegraph s ystem, a-telegraph line, a receiving relay comprising a lmain line winding,

. an artinciallinewindingand abiaswinding, an

artificial line, meansfor connecting said main line winding in circuit relation with said telegraph line, means for connecting said articial line winding in circuit relation with said artic'ial line winding, an impedance common to the circuits of both of said windings, a bias circuit including said bias winding, an impedance common to the circuits of all of said windings, means responsive to the difference in currents flowing through said main line and artificial windings, and means controlled by said responsive means for varying said impedance common to the circuits of said two windings.

9. In a full duplex telegraph system comprising a telegraph line, transmitting apparatus, a receiving relay, and an artificial line, means -for compensating for variations of the leakage resistance of said line comprising means responsive Y to the difference of the currents flowing in said artificial line and said telegraph line, an impedance connected in series with a common circuit extending from said transmitting apparatus to both said artificial line and said telegraph line, and apparatus controlled by said responsive means for varying said impedance.

10. A duplex telegraph transmission system comprising a telegraph transmission conductor having, at one terminal of said conductor, an artificial line circuit, telegraph receiving apparatus connected to said conductor and to said artificial line circuit, telegraph transmitting apparatus, a path through said transmission apparatus and said telegraph transmission conductor, a second path through said transmission apparatus and said articial line circuit, said paths being common through said transmission apparatus, a device operative in response to changes in the electrical characteristics of said transmission conductor, a resistance in said common path, and apparatus controlled by said device for varying said resistance.

1l. A duplex telegraph transmission system for simultaneously transmitting telegraph signal impulses in both directions over a single transmis-.

sion path comprising a main line circuit, an articial line circuit, a receiving device connected to said main line circuit and to said artificial line circuit, a transmitting device connected to both of said line circuits, an impedance traversed by the entire current transmitted by said transmitting device to said main line circuit and also traversed by the entire current transmitted by said transmitting device through said artificial line circuit,apparatus responsive to changes in theelectrical constants of-s'aid-line, and instrumentalities for varying said vresistanceunder control ofv said responsive apparatus for lcompensating for fthe changes in the electrical constants' of saidline. 'l Y f `125A full duplex telegraph system for simultaneously transmitting signa1 impulses over a single transmission path in both directions Without-interference comprising` a main line" circuit,

an artificial l-iney circuit, a receiving device connectedfin saidrnain linecircuit and in said arti- Iicial -lineP-circuit, transmitting `apparatus, an apex terminait@ Vwhich said main line circuit and said'articial linefcircuit extend, circuit connections extending fromsaidv vapex point to Vsaid transmitting apparatus', ay variable impedance element connected in said last-mentionedcircuit, apparatus responsive to changes in theelectrical constants offsaid main line-,and instrumentalities'for varyingsaid irnpedanceelement under control of said responsive apparatus for compensating for variations ofthe velectrical constants of said path.V f

13. A telegraph system for simultaneously transmitting -the signalimpulses in both directionsfovef a transmission path'without interference comprisinga mainline circuit', a balancing articial line circuit, a receiving relay-having a main -iline Winding-*connected to said main line circuit, anart'ificial line `winding connected to said artificial Yli'ne fanda biasing winding, telegraphV 'transmitting apparatus, circuit connectionsfor` joining the'circuitsof said main line and artificial linetoiorm a'coininon circuit path through said transmitting apparatus,animped ance element connected'in said common path, a biasing circuit connected to said biasing winding and including at least a portion ofthe impedance connected in said common path, and circuit instrumentalities responsive to changes in the electrical constants off said line for varying at least a'p'ortion of the impedance in said common circuit to compensate for the changes-:in rthe electrical constants 'of Asaid line'. I

RICHARD B. HEARN. 

